Decentralised Service Provisions: Summary and Evaluation

Decentralised Service Provisions: Summary and Evaluation The value of de-centralised provision of  Public Services Introduction Gordon Brown, likely to become Prime Minister in mid-2007, has been known to consider decentralisation of public services an important factor of local community government (Simon Jenkins 2007). Public services are defined as those goods that are provided for the benefit of the whole community and from which no individual can be excluded. The main question however, is whether these services are more efficiently administered through and decentralised authority and, if so, what size of local organisation is required to achieve these objectives. Efficiency of local public service provision Provision of public services through local authorities in the twentieth century developed because it was not possible for Parliament and its twenty-one ministers to maintain control of these factors (Jones and Stewart 1983, p.10). In recent decades, because of improvement in communication and cost reduction, more responsibility for public services has been decentralised (Doherty and Horne 2002, p.104) because it is seen to be an efficient method. Indeed, Bentham (1973, p.216-20) argues that local and regional levels of government are the only way to ensure that efficient public services can be delivered. Efficiency is measured by two factors, being the perception of the consumers to whom the service is rendered and the cost efficiency of the process. In terms of the consumer, a report conducted by the Lyons inquiry found that the consensus of local communities deemed local authorities to be more efficient suppliers of most public services than central government. For example, as can be seen from graphs 20 and 25 of the report (see figures 1 and 2), the majority felt that local authorities would provide a service more appropriate to local needs, in the latter case relating particularly to the area of local transport. A similar percentage (graph 29) felt that community policing would be managed more effectively and efficiently by local authorities than through a centralised body. The same community response was found with many other areas of public services, including education, with a key element in this efficiency process being measured by the fact that the authority was in a better position to communicate with their local community and understand the local environment. Furthermore, the communities surveyed that local authorities are more appropriate managers of funds than central government and should be able to determine, collect and administer their own revenue, with many of the participants supporting locally raised income taxes or charging for specific services. For example, as can be seen on page 75 of the same report, most were of the opinion that local authorities should set and retain the local business rates, not submit it to central government as at present happens. The summary findings of the Lyons Inquiry (page 2), agreed the above that, in terms of the delivery of public services, local authorities were the most efficient and effective method of ensuring that the needs and requirements of the local community were met. In the past, one of the main criticisms of local authorities was that they had become too bureaucratic and therefore cost inefficient. The levels of employees and other resources used, far exceeded the requirements of the services being provided. Furthermore, the impression was that the organisations were devouring a disproportionate percentage of the funding being raised through rates and grants. This public perception was one of the main reasons for the controversy that surrounded the ill-fated community charge and that has led to concerns over the increasing level of council taxes. Although the Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (2001) suggested that the size of local authorities is not an issue, this is clearly not the case. Whilst it is not possible to identify a set size for a particular local authority, as with any other organisation there is clearly a need to for service provider to ensure that the cost of provision does not result in an unacceptable cost attracting to the consumer of the service. Efficiency equally applies to the structure of the authority as well. One way to ensure that the authority remains resource efficient is to implement quality controls, such as the ISO 9000 standard that in 2002 had been introduced into some departments of approaching a quarter of local authorities throughout the UK (Docherty and Horne 2002, p.148). Furthermore, it is the task of the Audit Commission is to monitor the efficiency of both the services provided and the provider. In the case of the latter, it is incumbent upon the commission to ensure that resources are not wasted. The size of the authority can thus be measured by the ability of the authority to deliver the public services and goods to the members of the community through the efficient use of the appropriate level of resources. Conclusion The members of the public and Lyons are agreed that the local authority is the most efficient method of delivering public services. However, it is important that this service is provided by an organisation that is of an appropriate size, as measured by its own internal efficiencies. References Bentham, J (1973). Bent ham’s Political Thought. Croom Helm. London, UK. Doherty, Tony and Horne, Terry (2002). Managing Public Services: Implementing Change. Routledge. London, UK. Jenkins, Simon (2007). Public services with a heart. The Sunday Times. London, UK Jones, George. and Stewart, John (1983). The Case for Local Government. Allen and Unwin. London, UK. Lyons, Sir Michael (2007). Place-shaping: a shared ambition for the future of local government. Final Report. HMSO. London, UK. Lyons, Sir Michael (2006). Lyons Inquiry – Public Deliberation Events. Retrieved 3 May 2007 from http://www.lyonsinquiry.org.uk/docs/061120-consultation-public.pdf Secretary of State for Transport, Local Governments and the Regions (2001). Strong Local Leadership – Quality Public Services. HMSO. Retrieved 3 May 2007 from http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/215/StronglocalleadershipQualitypublicservicesDTLR2001PartOne_id1165215.pdf YOTEL: Analysis of Innovation Practices YOTEL: Analysis of Innovation Practices 1.1 YOTEL YOTEL is audaciously described by its founders as a revolutionary new hotel conceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ creating a stir in the hotel industry. The companys concept and execution can be translated into the same entrepreneurial initiative that has been driven many leading organisations in hospitality, tourism and events over the years. Creative entrepreneurs with the vision, courage and knowledge to put their concepts into place dominate the history of tourism. (Middleton et al., 2009). YOTEL was created by YO! Company founder Simon Woodroffe and Gerard Greene, YOTEL current CEO. It is the accommodation brand of the Yo! Company Group founded in 1997 by Simon Woodroffe with the creation of his first brand of restaurants YO! Sushi. The accommodation brand concept was inspired by the capsule hotels in Japan and BA First Class cabins. In 2002, Simon Woodroffe, already interested in the Japanese capsule hotels, was upgraded to a first class sleeper cabin. He decided then to melt luxury airline travel with Japanese capsule hotels and convert them into small but luxurious cabins for implementation at airport locations. Gerard Greene, a former hotel analyst and executive with Hyatt and Marriott hotels, evolved that idea into reality with YOTEL. The concept has the intention to deliver economies of scale within a minimum volume of space and a outstanding and comfortable consumer experience at a relative very competitive price (Middleton et al., 2009) In summer 2007, the company opened a 46-cabin YOTEL in London Gatwick Airport, succeeded by a 32-cabin YOTEL at Heathrow Airport in the winter of the same year. (YOTEL Limited., 2008) YOTEL at Amsterdam Schiphol opened in Summer 2008 and a 669-capsule site will open in New York City in 2011. Since 2005, IFA (International Financial Advisors) Hotels Resorts is the major investor in the company. In 2008, YOTELs CEO acknowledge an affiliation Memorandum of Understanding with ADNH (Abu Dhabi National Hotels) in order to expand YOTEL also in the capital of the United Arab Emirates. Two YOTELs are going to be built in the International Airport and in city centre of Abu Dhabi, and other locations are also under negotiation. (IFA Hotels Resorts, 2007). As Simon Woodroffe comprehend the holy grail of retail today is to constantly and never endingly innovate in order to deliver high luxury without the high cost (YOTEL Limited, 2008). Competitors will unavoidability come to the market with innovations or ameliorations of existing products which will change the basis of competition: for this reason the ability to create, evolve and adapt is indispensable for any business to stay alive. The companys concept as well as the founders values and culture, suggests that the company is potentially innovative. 1.2 Report Structure The present report aim to identify and explore past, current and future innovation practices of YOTEL. Since the organisation was not created long ago it will concentrate mostly on the current and future practices. In particular the structure and content of the report is as follows: Part 2 YOTEL Current Innovation Practices. This first part will evaluate YOTELs existing innovation practices and how YOTEL shows signs of innovation in its sector. Evidence of how it appears to be innovative is supported by innovation theory. Part 3 YOTEL Future Innovation Practices. This part will appraise which innovations YOTEL might create and adopt in order to meet its future strategic needs. Propositions for possible ameliorations for the organisations are made here. This section will therefore consider YOTEL objectives, as well as New Product Development theories and WWW innovations in order to make appropriate and logical recommendations for the company. Part 4 Impacts of proposed Innovation upon YOTELs performance. This forth part is where the potential impacts of the recommendations made are considered. Advises and information about the consequences of the changes proposed are given for the attention of YOTELs management team. Part 5 Summary and Conclusions. This final part contains a brief summary of the report, as well as a conclusion based on the arguments presented. 2. YOTEL Current Innovation Practices Innovation is the act of creating a new product or process. This includes invention as well as the work required to bring an idea or concept into final form. An innovation may have various degrees of newness, from very little to highly discontinuous, but that must include at least some degree of newness to the market, not just to the firm (Crawford, 1994, pg. 472). As Crawfords definition suggests, innovation is a complex process which involves organisations effective management of activities such as idea generation, technology development and commercial exploitation. Schumpeter (1934) was among the first economists to recognize the importance of innovation for organisations to obtain long-term economic growth. His evolutionary theory has seen how companies success in the past, present and future lies in their capability to obtain and employ knowledge and apply this to the development of new products. Figure 1.1 Interactive model of innovation Source: Trott, 2008 adapted from B. Rothwell and W. Zegvelt (1985) Reindustrialisation and Technology, Longman, London. Overall innovation is a complex and continuous process which consists in transferring knowledge from different communication paths. These paths include external and internal linkages. In order for innovation to occur, there must be an interaction between the marketplace/customers needs, the latest sciences and technology advances in society and the organisations capabilities. Organisations able to manage this process will have successful innovation practices. In its past three years of life, YOTEL has demonstrate a good capability on managing the innovation process. It has been able to do so, using different types of innovation. As Trott (2008, pg.16) explain, there are seven different typologies of innovation: product, process, organisational, management, production, marketing and service innovation. 2.1 YOTEL Product Innovations 2.2 YOTEL Commercial/Marketing Innovations 2.3 YOTEL Service Innovations This part of the report will evaluate in which of these types of innovation YOTEL gives evidence of being innovative. YOTEL introduced in the hospitality market a new revolutionary concept inspired by the capsule hotels in Japan and BA First Class cabins: guest rooms, which are compact in size and incorporate multi-functional sofa beds and fold out study desks. The cabins have a design feature that means the windows are internal rather than external and through effective reflective lightening look out into corridors. YOTEL product innovation consists in a hotel which needs relatively small volume of space within airports. The type of hotel the company has introduces, was completely innovative in its market. Even if capsule hotels already existed in Japan, YOTEL has been the first hotel located inside a UK airport terminal. Moreover YOTEL differentiates itself from Japanese capsule hotels, sicne it is more luxurious and offers a wider range of comforts. Its rooms are larger than those in capsule hotels but are very small relative to traditional hotel rooms. The positive advance about YOTEL concept, is that it needs basic requirement. A YOTEL does not require space for parking, access on roads which other normal hotel do require. Moreover all the basic requirements for heating, lightening, water and lavatory provision are already immediately available at airports. But YOTEL is not innovative just in the product its offering, but also in its services. stylish yet affordable rooms. The aim of YOTEL is to provide a flexible and convenient business class hotel experience at affordable prices. The company aim therefore to combine luxurious and modern with affordable prices. This is an innovative practice since most of the hotels whicha re perceived as luxurious and modern are usually also very expensive. Moreover YOTEL does not combine luxurious with low prices, but also with small romm environment. The company referes in fact to his rooms with the world cabins. The idea was inspired by 1st class airlines cabins. Which category Lovelock, how would you classify Yotel product? What degree of risk with this NPD>? LUXURY AT LOW COST: magical formula Shower and Nap Combo: At London Heathrow, London Gatwick, and Amsterdam Schiphol, Yotel cabins can be rented in four-hour blocks. (No, its not that kind of hotel.) The podlike rooms (from $40/4 hr.) are tiny but comfy, with private baths and storage units. A virtuos circle of innovation (Trott, 2008: 96-98) (Categories of new products, link with innovation practices of YOTEL) [2] Room sizes are Premium (double), Twin (2 large singles, bunk style) and Standard (large single). Each features en suite bathrooms, flat screen televisions, free Wi-Fi, and 24 hour room service.[3] In his study of The Economic of Industrial Innovation, Christopher Freeman (1982) wrote that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦not to innovate is to die. Adaption and change are essential for companies in order to survive. Competitors will unavoidability come to the market with an innovation that changes the basis of competition: for this reason the ability to create, evolve and adapt is indispensable for any business to stay alive. The big dilemma of doing this within an organisation stays in the fact that innovating demands stability in order to be carried out efficiently and flexibility in order to create opportunities for creative thinking. Managing the tension between the need for creativity in a loose and flexible environment and the need for efficiency in a stable and controlled environment is therefore very important for organisations (Trott, 2008). Organisations have also to manage uncertainty and know how to respond to internal and external events, some of which cannot be controlled. Some examples of external challenges facing organisation in the innovation process are customer demands, new purchasing models, falling prices, early supply involvement, collaborative ventures, customer-supplier value chain and post release improvements (Ahmed and Shepherd, 2010, pg. 474). Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need is considered as a product. (Find another definition of PRODUCT) Yotel products, as any hospitality, events and tourism products, are service products delivering intangible experiences. Hospitality products are very diverse and customers are involved in the production process. Since people are part of the product process, these kinds of products are harder to evaluate. (Write about Scope of Hospitality products Hospitality Business Development) A new product is A good, service or idea that is perceived by some potential customers as new (Kotler et al., 2004, p.215). In simple terms innovation refers to any good, service or idea that is perceived by someone as novel or new (Kotler et al., 2002, p.215). A new product is a product being introduced to the market for the first time as a result of invention, innovation or improvement ( Keegan et al., 1995, p.418) (Change this definition) YOTEL CASE STUDIES http://unicenta.net/casestudy_yotel.aspx http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/feature/1843555/case-study-yotel http://www.lorientuk.com/case-studies/yotel-london/ http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/07/0720_budget_lodging/15.htm

Answers to questions on principles of nutrition for healthcare

Answers to questions on principles of nutrition for healthcare Omega-3 (linolenic acid) is a type of essential polyunsaturated fat. Like the omega-6 fatty acids are unsaturated because it contains in its molecule double bonds between carbon atoms and are essential (EFA) because the body can not produce it and therefore must be obtained through food. There are three omega -3 fatty acids: Alpha-linolenic, Eicosapentaenoic acid and Docosahexaenoic acid. These essential fatty acids can be obtained from the following sources: The Blue Fish, Food Plant: The purslane, lettuce, soy, spinach, strawberries, cucumbers, Brussels sprouts, cabbages, pineapples, Almonds and Walnuts. The body needs omega-3 fatty acid to work properly. The main functions of linolenic acid include: The formation of cell membranes, the formation of hormones, the immune system to functioning correctly, the correct formation of the retina, the functioning of neurons and chemical transmissions. Besides the basic functions, there is evidence that ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids represents a number of benefits for the body. Beneficial effects on the circulatory system, the intake of linolenic acid-rich foods or supplements that contain this principle lowers triglycerides, lowers cholesterol, prevents blood clots in the arteries by preventing platelet aggregation and arterial pressure decreases slightly. In general thins blood and protects against heart attacks, strokes, stroke, angina pectoris, Raynauds disease, etc. Moreover, the cardioprotective role is further enhanced by the ability of these oils to increase the transmission power of the heart muscle as rhythm regular and prevent disease and arrhythmias. This component protects against the development of certain cancers like colon, prostate and breast cancer. They can also prevent the growth of cancer cells. In breast cancer these acids inhibit the action of estrogens that are responsible for the development of breast tu mors. There is evidence that omega-3 has anti-inflammatory joint diseases. Therefore food or supplements especially can be very appropriate to reduce swelling and relieve pain in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and lupus. The use of supplements containing omega-3 may be a natural alternative to conventional treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that this component increases the levels of PG3 prostaglandins have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammatory properties of omega-3 can be used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis.   In the same way can help reduce the pain caused by menstruation. The intake of these acids can help maintain mental balance and avoid depression or to improve or assist in the treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia. These acids have a positive action in the maintenance of healthy skin, making them suitable for preventing or ameliorating diseases affecting this organ, such as eczema, psoriasis, etc., Intake of foods rich in omega-3 is very appropriate during pregnancy to ensure that the fetus has a right brain development. Mothers who eat foods with these components have had children with a higher learning capacity and less impaired. Similarly it has been shown that omega-3 favored the motor coordination of premature babies. 2. The client brings the results of recent cholesterol screening with him to see the nurse. The client is confused about what the results mean and asks what the total cholesterol number should be. Which of the following statements could the nurse make about interpreting the results of the cholesterol screening test? a. Total blood cholesterol should not exceed 150 mg/dl c. Total cholesterol should not exceed 150 mg/ml b. Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/dl d. Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/ml Answer: b) Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/dl 3. The nurse is teaching a group of clients in a cardiac rehabilitation class about food sources of proteins. In what foods will the nurse say protein is found? a. in foods derived from both plant and animal foods c. only in foods derived from plants b. only in foods derived from animals d. only in fortified foods Answer: a) in food derived from both plant and animal foods. 4. The school nurse is making a presentation to parents of teenage students. One parent is concerned that their child is not getting adequate high quality dietary protein because the child has stopped eating meat. The nurse tells the parent that certain diets that do not contain meat can still provide adequate protein. Which of the following statements could the nurse make about vegetarian diets and protein? a. all vegetarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein c. lacto-ovo vegetarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein b. fruitarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein d. vegan diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein Answer: d) Vegan diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein. Explain why. Get adequate protein on a vegan diet presents no problem at all. Both nuts and seeds such as legumes, whole grains and soy products provide protein. Previously it was believed that plant proteins were of lower quality than animal proteins in which amino acid content is concerned. However, this belief has become outdated and that if you follow a diet based on balanced vegetable products, will receive all the necessary amino acids in adequate amounts. The vegan diet has several incomplete proteins to make a complete one, but that should be eaten the same day, the essential amino acids can also be found in soy products and tofu. 5. A pregnant client tells the nurse that she is taking megadoses of vitamin A in the hopes that it will keep her complexion clear throughout the pregnancy. What could the nurse say about the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of this vitamin supplement? a. Consuming megadoses of vitamin A may cause permanent night blindness. c. Taking megadoses of vitamin A are a good idea during pregnancy because vitamin A supports a healthy immune system. b. Consuming megadoses of vitamin A may result in birth defects. d. Taking megadoses of vitamin A will neither help nor hurt her or the fetus during the pregnancy. Answer: b) Consuming megadose of vitamin A may result in birth defect. Explain your answer. Birth defects can occur if the supplement that has high doses of retinol ingested for a while, several days or weeks and especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for growth of the human body, the tissue tropism of epithelial organogenesis, epithelial differentiation and embryonic development. Intake, acute or chronic high amounts of vitamin A can cause various clinical manifestations such as headache, vomiting, diplopia, alopecia, dry mucous membranes, skin peeling, bone abnormalities and liver damage. Vitamin A and retinoids are teratogens classics. Malformations that are generated depend on the doses used and timing of organogenesis in which they are provided. During early organogenesis result in abnormalities of the central nervous and cardiovascular system, while a later provision gives rise to genetic defects in the upper and lower genitourinary tract and palate. Retinoids derived from the catabolism of vitamin A mothers diet are transferred to the embryo-fetal compartment. 6. A family member of an elderly client contacts the nurse and asks why the client is receiving B12 injections. Which of the following answers could the nurse give? a. The injections of B12 are given to prevent blindness. c. The injections of B12 are given to prevent pellagra b. The injections of B12 are given to prevent beriberi d. The injections of B12 are given to prevent pernicious anemia Answer: d the injections of B12 are given to prevent pernicious anemia Explain why. Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the body can not properly absorb vitamin B12 from the digestive tract. This vitamin is necessary for the proper development of red blood cells. The body needs vitamin B12 to produce red blood cells. In order to provide vitamin B12 in their cells, you should eat enough foods that contain this vitamin, such as beef, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy products (AC Antony, 2008). To absorb vitamin B12, your body uses a special protein called intrinsic factor, secreted by cells in the stomach. The combination of vitamin B12 attached to intrinsic factor is absorbed in the latter part of the small intestine. When the stomach does not produce enough intrinsic factor, the intestine can not absorb the vitamin properly. The disease begins slowly and may take decades to fully establish. Although the congenital form occurs in children, pernicious anemia usually does not occur before age 30 in adults and the average age at diagnosis is 60 years. Monthly injections of vitamin B12 are prescribed to correct the deficiency of the vitamin. This therapy treats the anemia and may correct the neurological complications if taken soon enough. In people with a severe deficiency, injections are given more frequently at first( Medlineplus).

Mcteague As A Social Commentary Essay -- essays research papers

Written in 1899, Frank Norris’ novel, McTeague serves as a view of societal factions of his time period. Norris illustrates the stratification of society in this San Francisco community by using the concept of Social Darwinism. He gives detailed accounts of the inner workings of society along with the emotions of the time. Through his characters, Norris shows the separation of classes and the greed that grew abundantly during the late 19th century. He also gives a grim picture of survival in his depiction of the theory of natural selection. In the first chapter, Norris paints a picture of a town setting. He describes Polk Street as â€Å"one of those cross streets peculiar to Western cities, situated in the heart of the residence quarter, but occupied by small trades people who lived in the rooms above their shops. There were corner drug stores with huge jars of red, yellow and green liquids in their windows, very brave and gay; stationers’ stores, where illustrated weeklies were tacked upon bulletin boards; barber shops with cigar stands in their vestibules; sad-looking plumbers; offices; cheap restaurants, in whose windows one saw piles of unopened oysters weighted down by cubes of ice, and china pigs and cows knee deep in layers of white beans.† In this paragraph, the reader gets a visual image of a town during the 19th century. Cozy, quaint and rather poor, this town exists as an example of any other town at this time. Also, in setting the activities of the time period, No...

Indochina :: History

Indochina Indochina is made up of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. It was colonized by the French in the late 1800's and given up in 1939. Japan tookover France’s loss after that. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Vietnam’s patriot and communist, Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh declared Vietnam independent. After that, France came to claim their loss. The US supported France fearing the "Domino Theory" would take affect after in 1949 China fell to communism. In 1950, the US sent troops to South Korea to prevent the dominos from falling. The Vietnamese took fort Dien Bien Phoo in May of 1954, so then the French finally pulled out. That set up 2 nations North Vietnam and South Vietnam split at the 17th parallel. Ho Chi Minh was in the North and was a Communist Ngo Dinh Diem was in South and disliked communism. He argued that if there was an election to choose a leader of 1 unified nation, that Ho would not permit fair elections. Viet Cong Rebellion In 1956, Diem closed all elections, and appointed local officials. That gave him less of support. Also he didn’t win the support of the peasants, that was a major mistake... in the south Vietminh members who were located in South Vietnam formed their own communist party. Diem called them the Viet Cong meaning Vietnamese Communists. North Vietnam supported the rebellion in the early parts. In 1959 the Vietminh set up a supply route to South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia. They were then named the Ho Chi Minh trail. Also in 1959, the first American advisors were killed during a battle. By 1960 the Vietcong had about 10,000 troops and were threatening to overthrow Diem. Then the US sent 15,100(WorldBook) more US advisors in from 1961 - 1963. The Buddhist’s also had a hard time with Diem, they felt he did not give enough religious freedom. The Buddhists also held the better part of Vietnam’s population. On June 21, 1963, an old Buddhist Monk Quang Duc lit himself on fire as a form of protest. Diem who was a Roman Catholic and his brother, performed massive arrests on Buddhists and raided Buddhist temples. Kennedy urged Diem to improve relationships with Diem, but he didn’t take his offering. Then a group of generals who were against Diem formed. On Nov. 1, 1963, the generals overthrew Diem and his brother, and Diem and Nhu were murdered.

Genetic Engineering Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Genetic Engineering Most people take for granted the food that they consume each and every day will be safe and nutritious. When they wake up in the morning they do not have to think about getting enough food to survive the day. In order for the agriculture industry, that produces food and clothing for everyone, to keep up with our growing population it needs to utilize new technology. Agriculture has to find ways to produce more crops while many fertile acres of land are lost to development. Many people who like to eat the food produced would like to do away with genetic engineering; this would lead to lack of food and increased starvation around the world. Genetic engineering is the artificial moving of genes from one species to another. Genes are special chemicals that work as sets of blueprints to determine an organism's traits. Moving genes from one organism to another moves those traits. This gene transfer allows traits that would never naturally occur in a certain species to be inserted into the DNA of that species. Scientists can take a gene for blue coat color from a sea urchin and transplant it into a brown horse to get a blue horse. In nature the only way you could get a blue horse is if a line of horses already contain the gene for blue coat color. Genetic engineering is a radically new technology for changing the traits of organisms by substituting genetic material that has been altered outside of cells. This process allows scientists to rearrange and change genetic material before transfer and may one day lead to the transplanting of genes not found in nature but made in a laboratory. Through this altering of genes crops ca n be produced that are safer for the consumer. Transplanted genes develop crops th... ... impossible to confidently predict the effects of genetic manipulations because of the complexity and interconnectedness of living systems. (Fagan 1) We do have to be careful so herbicide resistance genes do not get transferred to weeds; or "super weeds" might be created which cannot be killed with traditional methods. We also have to make sure that only the genes that we want will be inserted so we do not insert bad traits with the bad (Sage 2). As you can see from these arguments from both sides, if we are going to be able to continue to feed the world we have to be able to keep producing more food on less land. The best way to do this is through genetically engineered crops. Works Cited http://www.biotechknowledge.com/showlib.php3?378#Pred (Monsanto) http://www.sage-intl.org/issues.html (Sage) http://www.maharishi.co.uk/fagan.htm (Fagan)

Black Power Movement Essay

The movement for Black Power in the U.S. emerged from the civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Beginning in 1959, Robert F. Willams, president of the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the NAACP, openly questioned the ideology of nonviolence and its domination of the movement’s strategy. Williams was supported by prominent leaders such as Ella Baker and James Forman, and opposed by others, such as Roy Wilkins(the national NAACP chairman) and Martin Luther King.[10] In 1961, Maya Angelou, Leroi Jones, and Mae Mallory led a riotous (and widely-covered) demonstration at the United Nations to protest the assassination of Patrice Lumumba.[11][12] Malcolm X, national representative of the Nation of Islam, also launched an extended critique of nonviolence and integrationism at this time. After seeing the increasing militancy of blacks in the wake of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, and wearying of the domination of Elijah Muhammed over the Nation of Islam, Malcolm left that organization and engaged with the mainstream of the Civil Rights Movement. Malcolm was now open to voluntary integration as a long-term goal, but still supported armed self-defense, self-reliance, and black nationalism; he became a simultaneous spokesman for the militant wing of the Civil Rights Movement and the non-separatist wing of the Black Power movement. An early manifestation of Black Power in popular culture was the performances given by Nina Simone at Carnegie Hall in March 1964, and the album In Concert which resulted from them. Simone mocked liberal nonviolence (â€Å"Go Limp†), and took a vengeful position toward white racists (â€Å"Mississippi Goddamn† and her adaptation of â€Å"Pirate Jenny†). Historian Ruth Feldstein writes that, â€Å"Contrary to the neat historical trajectories which suggest that black power came late in the decade and only after the ‘successes’ of earlier efforts, Simone’s album makes clear that black power perspectives were already taking shape and circulating widely†¦in the early 1960s.† By 1966, most of SNCC’s field staff, among them Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), were becoming critical of the nonviolent approach to confronting racism and inequality—articulated and promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr., Roy Wilkins, and other moderates—and rejected desegregation as a  primary objective. SNCC’s base of support was generally younger and more working-class than that of the other â€Å"Big Five†[14] civil rights organizations and became increasingly more militant and outspoken over time. From SNCC’s point of view, racist people had no qualms about the use of violence against black people in the U.S. who would not â€Å"stay in their place,† and â€Å"accommodationist† civil rights strategies had failed to secure sufficient concessions for black people.[citation needed] As a result, as the Civil Rights Movement progressed, increasingly radical, more militant voices came to the fore to aggressively challenge white hegemony. Increasing numbers of black youth, particularly, rejected their elders’ moderate path of cooperation, racial integration and assimilation. They rejected the notion of appealing to the public’s conscience and religious creeds and took the tack articulated by another black activist more than a century befo re, abolitionist Frederick Douglass, who wrote: Those who profess to favor freedom, and yet depreciate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and lightning. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. †¦Power concedes nothing without demand. It never did and it never will. Most early 1960s civil rights leaders did not believe in physically violent retaliation. However, much of the African-American rank-and-file, and those leaders with strong working-class ties, tended to compliment nonviolent action with armed self-defense. For instance, prominent nonviolent activist Fred Shuttlesworth of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (and a leader of the 1963 Birmingham campaign), had worked closely with an armed defense group that was led by Colonel Stone Johnson. As Alabama historian Frye Gaillard writes, †¦these were the kind of men Fred Shuttlesworth admired, a mirror of the toughness he aspired to himself†¦They went armed [during the Freedom Rides], for it was one of the realities of the civil rights movement that however nonviolent it may have been at its heart, there was always a current of ‘any means necessary,’ as the black power advocates would say later on. During the March Against Fear, there was a division between those aligned with Martin Luther King, Jr. and those aligned with Carmichael, marked by their respective slogans, â€Å"Freedom Now† and â€Å"Black Power.† While King never endorsed the slogan, his rhetoric sometimes came close to it. In his 1967 book Where Do We Go From Here?, King wrote that â€Å"power is not the white man’s birthright; it will not be legislated for us and delivered in neat government packages.†

Entrepreneur Test

Which of the following is classified as an entrepreneur?A manager in a large corporation A financial manager in a small firm An owner-manager who bought out the founder of a firm A salaried technician in a rapidly-growing high-tech firmAttract more attention and make more headlines in the media. are not as important to the well-being of society. are highly visible. One glaring example of poor ethics practiced by small businesses in general is lack of pollution controls. untruthful labeling of products.  lack of loyalty to employees. fraudulent reporting of income and expenses for income tax purposes.Different types of small business ownership opportunities include all of the following except startups. bailouts. family businesses. franchises. The cost of a franchise may include royalty payments. high executive salaries. a one-time federal franchise tax. higher-than-usual labor costs. In a family business, the interests of the family and the interests of the business are best describ ed as overlapping. conflicting. coinciding. having no relationship with each other. Writing a business plan should be thought of as  the means to an end product. an ongoing process. an absolute essential to the startup of businesses. a mental exercise.A firm's marketing mix consists of _____ activities. pricing, promotion, and distribution product, pricing, and promotion product, promotion, and distribution product, pricing, promotion, and distribution A disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is the complexity of the organization the cost of starting the business. the lack of limits on personal liability. the difficulty of distribution. Which of the following is not an environmental condition affecting selection of a business location?CompetitionWeather and climate Laws and regulations Raw material availability Assets that are relatively liquid are classified as current assets. fixed assets. short-term assets. other assets. Typical venture capitalists invest approximately ____ of t heir investment in later-stage businesses. one-fourth one-half three-fourths nearly all Most customer service problems are identified by personal observation. outside consultants. customer complaints. entries in a suggestion box. In general, products that are consumed in fixed amounts have inelastic demand. constant demand. variable demand. elastic demand.Which of the following does not describe a method of determining promotional expenditures? Matching industry forecasts Spending as much as the competition What can be spared What it will take to do the job Marcia Mendez, who runs a drapery business, has groups of employees who work in production and in installation. If she decides to use work teams as part of her leadership approach, she must increase supervision. compensation. independence. quality. Which of the following is a legal basis for selecting employees? Gender Age Education Disabilities An inspection plan that judges products as acceptable or unacceptable, good or bad, i s known as  a 100 percent inspection plan. an attribute inspection. a variable inspection. an inspection sampling plan.The owner of a small manufacturing plant wants inspectors to check the width and length of a product (within specified tolerances) during the production process. This calls for an attribute inspection. a work sampling inspection. a 100 percent inspection plan. a variable inspection. An analysis of which of the following records facilitates maintenance of adequate stock levels? Accounts payable records Accounts receivable records Cash records Inventory records